How Morocco's 'Liquid Gold' Empowers Women and Fights Desertification

Argan oil, often called 'liquid gold,' is one of Morocco’s most prized natural products. Known for its use in cosmetics and culinary applications, it is also vegan and cruelty-free—though not all products containing it follow the same standards. Behind its growing popularity lies a complex production process and a story of women’s empowerment in the Souss-Massa-Draa region. The production of argan oil is a labour-intensive tradition. It takes around 220 lbs (100 kg) of fresh argan fruit and 20 hours of manual work to create just 34 oz (1 litre) of oil. The process, recognised as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, involves seven distinct steps, many still carried out by hand.

Argan oil holds Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status, meaning it can only be produced in the Souss-Massa-Draa area of Morocco. This designation protects its authenticity and supports local communities. The argan tree itself is a hardy species, playing a crucial role in preventing desertification and stabilising the soil in the arid region. Beyond its environmental benefits, the oil’s production has become a means of economic independence for Amazigh women. Zoubida Charrouf’s advocacy helped expose exploitation in the trade, leading to the formation of women-owned cooperatives. These groups now control much of the production, ensuring fairer wages and working conditions. Demand for argan oil continues to surge, with the global market projected to reach $427.05 billion by 2030. However, this growth has also led to concerns over unsustainable farming. While pure argan oil is inherently vegan and cruelty-free, it can appear in non-vegan products. Consumers are advised to check for certifications like Leaping Bunny or Beauty Without Bunnies. On ingredient labels, it is listed as *argania spinosa kernel oil*.

The rise of argan oil reflects both its cultural significance and economic value. With women-led cooperatives now at the heart of its production, the industry offers a model for fair trade and sustainability. As global demand grows, responsible sourcing and certification will remain key to preserving its integrity and environmental benefits.